What is Zugzwang?

Zugzwang

Zugzwang is a German term used in chess that translates to compulsion to move. It refers to a situation where any move a player makes will worsen their position. Essentially, the player would prefer to pass their turn if it were allowed because all available moves are disadvantageous.
 

In this position, it is White to move. Any move White makes will worsen their position, leading to a loss.

Board is interactive - move a piece

Mandatory Move

   Players are required to make a move on their turn. Zugzwang arises when any legal move a player makes will lead to a deterioration of their position.

Common in Endgames

  Zugzwang is most commonly seen in the endgame, where there are fewer pieces on the board, and each move has a significant impact.

Disadvantageous Moves

Moving a pawn might create weaknesses or expose other pieces.

Moving a king can put it into a vulnerable position or lose the ability to control key squares.

Moving a piece might disrupt the defence or coordination of other pieces.
 

Types of Zugzwang

Absolute Zugzwang

The player has no good moves and any move will result in a significant immediate disadvantage. 

Relative Zugzwang

The player has moves that are slightly worse but not immediately losing.  

Strategic Use

Advanced players use the concept of zugzwang to their advantage, creating positions where the opponent is forced into zugzwang, thereby gaining a decisive edge.