Originally posted by nemesio
I am a bit lost, though, with the prisoner problem still. I think I share Iamatiger's confusion. It seems that the guard imparts no useful information by telling Prisoner A that either B or C is going to be executed, irrespective of th ...[text shortened]... ause it suggests that A always has a 50% chance, not a 33% chance.
Let's be sure we understand the difference between "the guard imparts no
useful information" and "the prisoner's chances of survival don't improve."
In the prisoner problem, as in the Monty Hall problem, these are exact opposites.
When one occurs, the other doesn't. Consider the version of Monty Hall
in which Monty has no knowledge. We saw the solution was that the contestant's
chances improved to 1/2. Likewise, in the standard Monty Hall, the contestant's
chances don't improve: they remain at 1/3 for his original choice.
The same is true in the prisoner problem. Consider playing the prisoner
problem out on a physical Monty Hall stage. Let the guard act as Monty.
If the guard has complete knowledge, he knows which of two doors are
safe to open, and the prisoner's chances don't improve. If the guard does
not have complete knowledge, he opened B at random and saw "Die",
and since it was random the prisoner now has a 1/2 chance of survival.
It is 1/2 for the very reason that you mistakenly thought the solution to the
standard Monty Hall problem was 1/2: namely, there are two remaining
doors, both equally likely to contain "Live." The proof is a simple proof
by contradiction: it you believe the remaining doors are not equally likely,
then you have information that one is more likley than another. But neither
the prisoner nor the guard have information, so we have a contradiction,
and it must be that the doors are equally likely.
Cribs
P.S. In your example, if the guard is lying, A's survival chances are 0. But
I still maintain that that is an irrelevant situation to analyze. For if you are
going to allow for the possibility that the guard lies, there's no reason not
to allow for the possibility that the king is lying about the executions in the
first place. Maybe nobody dies! Then A's chances are more than 1/3 if you're
going to allow that. That's why the whole idea of the guard lying is nonsense.