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Horwitz Defense

Horwitz Defense

A40 - 1. d4 e6

About this opening

Black plays a waiting move that keeps several defenses available, and can transpose into the French, the Queen's Gambit Declined or a Dutch depending on what you do next. That flexibility is the point, but it also concedes the center for a move. e4 is the most played move here. It takes the full center immediately and often transposes into a French with Black already committed. c4 is the other main choice, heading for the Queen's Gambit. Both score well, and the reason is simple: Black has not contested the center yet, so grabbing it while the chance exists is the whole story.

Plans
  • Play e4 to take the full center and invite a French structure.
  • Play c4 to steer toward the Queen's Gambit instead.
  • Develop Nf3 and Nc3 before deciding on your pawn structure.
  • Punish the waiting move by claiming space before Black commits.
Where the pieces belong
  • Pawn: e4, the second center pawn taken for free
  • Pawn: d4, already staking out the center
  • Knight: c3, holding e4
  • Bishop: d3, aiming across the board once the center locks
  • Knight: f3, covering e5

Usually a French or a Queen's Gambit by transposition. Judge it by the structure that appears rather than by the opening name, because the plans belong to the structure.

Variations
Benoni Defense: Franco-Sicilian Hybrid
2. c4 c5 3. d5 exd5 4. cxd5 d6 5. Nc3 g6 6. e4 Bg7 7. Nf3 Ne7
Catalan Opening: Closed, Zagoryansky Variation
2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 d5 4. g3 Be7 5. Bg2 O-O 6. O-O Nbd7 7. Qc2 c6 8. Rd1 b6 9. a4