Originally posted by apathistGradient is just how the stress varies across a depth, so when bent, the inside curve may have more stress than the outside, which can be seen by laser interferometry.
Apparently it is a piezoelectric effect modified by a strain gradient (wiki). I don't know what a strain gradient is.
Here are a bunch of images where you can see the distortions and stresses with this technique:
https://www.google.com/[WORD TOO LONG]
These devices can tell how well a telescope mirror is ground, and whether there is strain on the device.