Originally posted by Grampy Bobby
Thanks. More questions if I may: a) What is the relative weight of carbon emission particulate matter and monoxide gases? b) If the Van Allen belts systematically open and close to allow and restrict passage of something in and out of the earth's atmosphere, what might it/they possibly be? c) What are the descriptions or names of the "lighter elements" or examples?
If you are looking at soot, pure carbon, it clocks in at 12 AMU, and Oxygen at 16 so carbon would weigh less than half of CO which comes in at 28 AMU.
As far as I know there is no opening and closing of the belts except for sporadic holes that can appear due to low frequency radio waves generated by solar corona discharges and maybe by lightning, the verdict is still out but it won't due us much good for getting craft in and out.
The belts have much less effect the further north you get so if you have to avoid the belts one way is to launch from high latitudes, say 80 degrees north or south, the only problem there is you lose a bit of thrust because launching from places near the equator gives you about 1000 mph free velocity because of the spin of the Earth so it is more economical, less fuel needed or more mass launched than doing the same launch from the poles where obviously you don't get any help from the spinning Earth.
BTW, there are three belts, a third discovered quite recently, here is a link to the Van Allen belts:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt
There are 7 elements I would consider light, Hydrogen, 1 AMU, helium, 4, Lithium at 7, beryllium at 9, Boron at 10, Carbon at 12, Nitrogen at 14, and oxygen at 16.
Since oxygen comes in 16 times heavier than hydrogen, the same kick to a hydrogen atom makes it go a LOT faster than that kick to an Oxygen. So that means that hydrogen will escape a lot easier out of the atmosphere than oxygen.
You can see that looking at Mars' atmosphere, where the main constituent is CO2, which comes in at 44 for the molecule, so lighter gasses like oxygen are driven off by the solar wind and the fact that Mars has a very poor excuse for a magnetic field, which is probably due to the core getting cold enough it no longer flows which is what produces the magnetic field on Earth, we have an active core, which is why we have a magnetic field in the first place.
So that magnetic field is what both protects us and makes the Van Allen belts. All that radiation is being wrapped around each magnetic line of force, following a corkscrew path so gets mis-directed away from Earth and mainly confined to the belts. The lowest one starts out at around 600 miles up to about 3000 or so, the second one way out 20 or 30 thousand miles out.
So you don't get to open a trap door to the belts, just go up the poles if you want to escape the radiation during launch.
For instance, the Apollo guys launched from Florida, fairly close to the equator and got a few hundred mph of free velocity but they had to go through the belts but they were really cranking so it didn't take long and their exposure was small.