Originally posted by no1marauder
A man made, artificial entity cannot "do" anything; the men who are its agents are in reality the Roman Catholic Church, mystic mumbo jumbo aside. The proper questions would be:
1) Did employees/agents of the Church sell indulgences?;
2) Did they do so in the course of their employment/agency with the Church?; and
3) Did the Ch ...[text shortened]... done?
1 seems to be conceded; 2 seems logical. What is the factual evidence for 3?
A man made, artificial entity cannot "do" anything
I'm surprised a lawyer would make such a statement. Of course a man-made ('man-made' automatically implies 'artificial'😉 entity/organisation can 'do' things. A corporation can purchase, own and transfer property or wealth. A non-profit organisation can send loans and other forms of aid to people in need. Naturally, the organisation will have to act through human agents so, in a sense, you are correct that a man-made organisation cannot 'do' anything [without human agents].
However, there is a significant difference between
licit (and I'm not using this in the strictly legal sense - so don't go all constitutional on me) actions performed by those agents for the organisation (i.e. actions that are within the ambit or bounds of their agency) and those that go beyond the agenda that has been set for them. For instance, the CEO of a corporation may licitly purchase business assets on behalf of the organisation (because that is part of his job description), but he may not licitly use company profits to decorate his own home (as Tyco ex-CEO Kozlowski did). And this is true of individuals as well. If I give you £10 to buy me a pack of cigarettes, you may not licitly use it to buy me (or indeed yourself) a pizza instead.
This is just common sense - not rocket science.
1) Did employees/agents of the Church sell indulgences?
2) Did they do so in the course of their employment/agency with the Church?
You are using the terms 'employee' and 'agent' synonymously. I'm not going to argue corporate law with you - I'll just take it for granted that you're not going to misrepresent the law here. Nevertheless, an employee need not be an agent (to an external party, that is) and vice-versa. Nor do all the actions (even those purporting to be on behalf of the organisation) of an employee or an agent have to be licitly so (whatever the law says).
3) Did the Church forbid the practice prior to, contemporaneously with or soon after the selling was done?
Pope Pius V banned the granting of indulgences associated with financial transactions in 1567, but since indulgences were never licitly "sold" in the first place your question is partially moot. If you're referring to the illicit sale of indulgences, then the answer would be "after".
In any case, one never needed to give the Church money to get an indulgence in the first place. For instance, in 11th century England, one could gain an indulgence simply by reciting fifty psalms, or by giving one denarius to a poor man. More recently, I was suprised to find out that Pope Pius IX granted a partial indulgence simply for making the sign of the cross!