Originally posted by Conrau K
[b]I'm sure not only Robbie Carrobie holds that lying is always bad (because the Bible says so)
Yes, indeed. This was quite a universal Christian teaching until recent times. The Catholic Church taught, and perhaps still does, that lying is an intrinsic evil, first because it violates the natural purpose of human communication, and second, from a con y wrong, is permissible as (by far) the least evil.[/b]
Yes, indeed. This was quite a universal Christian teaching until recent times. The Catholic Church taught, and perhaps still does, that lying is an intrinsic evil, first because it violates the natural purpose of human communication, and second, from a consequentialist perspective, the presumption of honesty is necessary for meaningful dialogue and, without it, society would be severely hindered because no one could reasonably gain information vicariously.
There are, however, some important caveats, at least from the traditional Catholic perspective. First, a lie is not merely a false statement. It requires the intention to deceive as well. Second, lying only occurs in formal speech. Jokes and fictional stories are not lies. I would also include perlocutionary acts in the category of informal speech, like compliments, since in a casual conversation no one seriously is concerned with the truth or falsity of these -- compliments are merely acts of kindness to encourage a sense of friendliness. Third, on some occasions, the full content of the statement is not verbally expressed and, so, what looks like a lie may not be. This is infamously known as mental reservation. For example, a telemarketer rings up and asks for me, I say 'he is not present', obviously reserving the words 'present for you'. I don't think this constitutes a lie. This is simply a polite way to rebuff an unwanted and intrusive call and undoubtedly the telemarketer would understand this (there is, anyway, no intent to deceive.)
As regards your fist paragraph here, I think there is a dichotomy between what is the collective purpose behind the entire set of dialogues that take place for the entire population of humans in some interval, and the purpose for the set of dialogues which take place for a small sample of humans in the same interval. The universal statement *lying is always wrong*, (with more generality than you allow) seems to deal with the first at the detriment of the latter.
As regards your second paragraph I disagree with your statement that a lie is not merely a false statement - that is precisely what a lie is! What follows from the lie or the intention behind it is another matter [1][2]. Moreover, though I can accept your *exceptions to the rule* on the grounds of common sense, common sense isn't the issue with this debate; The issue is a universal statement,
Reveal Hidden Contentfrom a source that betrays (in certain instances) common sense anyway
and so it should be resilient to the sort of pedantry I or others are willing to throw at it - afterall, we're not dealing with the statement "lies are
usually wrong", we're dealing with the statement "
all lies are wrong".[3]
Your point about mental reservation is an interesting one; however, even granting some leeway on this (and with the strictness I say one should be with what constitutes a lie, I perhaps shouldn't) there is a degree of ambiguity as to what counts as mental reservation and what doesn't - for example, is the statement "I promise to always tell the truth" reserving the words "when it serves my own interest"??
Focusing on the responses you gave to my three preliminary examples, the first one was more of a sanity check than anything else (and at least one fundamentalist has failed said test!); and again, though you'd try to push this one away as an 'obvious' exception to the rule, I have to insist that if we restrict ourselves to the very essense of what a lie entails, regardless of what follows from it; then it was the transit of false and misleading information and as such qualifies for being a lie. As for the second, I can't see what words I could have reserved in the statement "...I don't smoke" without shifting the way in which that reply is relevant to the stranger's question - for example "I don't smoke ~ with strangers" doesn't address his question as to whether I have any that I can "lend"
Reveal Hidden Contentnoting there is no expectation of any future repayment here
to him. Moreover I do count it as an act of deception for I could have just as easily said, truthfully, "I don't have enough to give away"; but in this case there would have been grounds for the conversation to continue and potentially put myself in more danger as I try to successfully end it (without offending the stranger too much). The act of deception in asserting I don't smoke effectively kills off that branch of discussion immediately - as would be my intention in this scenario.
Finally, in the third scenario, it's not so difficult to suppose the child might have instead asked "do you like my cat drawing?", and in this case my set of relevant responses would have been so to convey my evaluation of his "work"; and so keeping them simple enough that they be understood by said four year old these boil down to "yes I like it" or "no I do not like it" - the truthful answer is the one that I reject in this case because as a trivial request for my opinion, it serves no purpose other than to disappoint the child. Indeed as Zahlanzi points out, it's not like this answer will have any appreciable impact on his future as an artist or otherwise.
One final point I will mention is that while a Christian may hold that lying is objectively wrong, they may admit certain situations where lying is permissible. One famous example would be the German concealing Jewish refugees from the Nazis. The Nazis knock on his door and he explains that no Jews are present in the house. This is a lie. There are Jews in the house and he does want to deceive the Nazis. On the other hand, however, the man has a duty to secrecy, one which is made graver because divulging this secret would risk the lives of others. Consequently, when he answers the Nazis, he has three options: revealing where the Jews are (which immediately breaches this duty), silence (which would indirectly expose the Jews because the Nazis might then investigate further) and lying. Lying in this case, while a Christian may still hold it objectively wrong, is permissible as (by far) the least evil.
I have to ask in this case, what does it mean to say lying is objectively wrong if any other action the german might take is also objectively wrong? Is it objectively wrong to be a human that is placed in that dilemma??
One escape I offer out of this one which is usually met with indignation on the part of any theist who would hear it, is that if hypothetically speaking, the statement "lying is always wrong" really was a decree from some god then perhaps this god (who perhaps lied when it said it couldn't lie) may have been lying for the sake of pragmatism on this matter. Indeed given the lack of detailed information as to how it renders it's other works in the Bible, it's reasonable to suppose that this again was an instance where it was decided omitting all the clauses and special cases so to retain full generality would have been impractical or would have given rise to undesirable consequences as these "exceptions" are contorted to serve immoral agendas.
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1) Similarly, a hammer is an object designed to increase the amount of force one can impart upon a small area - how or where it will be used for the purpose of construction (or otherwise) bears little relevance to it's intrinsic function.
2) As is evident in this thread, at least one theist (Robbie Carrobie) isn't so discriminating - for him all examples where one delivers false statements really are a nefarious act, and I suspect others think the same.
3) On the otherhand, If it is shown it can be directly inferred (without supplementary commentary form people who didn't write the text from which this rule was derived) that such exceptions exist then I'll concede your point here.